Certifications serve as quality and compliance signals. The certifications you need depend on your target market and product category. Here's a practical guide to the most common ones:

ISO 9001 (Quality Management) — Indicates the supplier has a documented quality management system. It doesn't guarantee product quality, but suggests consistent processes. Nearly all serious exporters have ISO 9001.

CE Marking (European Conformity) — Required for many products sold in the European Economic Area. Covers safety, health, and environmental protection. Self-declared by manufacturers for low-risk products; third-party notified body required for high-risk categories like medical devices.

RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) — EU directive limiting lead, mercury, cadmium, and other hazardous materials in electrical and electronic equipment. Essential if you're selling electronics in Europe.

UL (Underwriters Laboratories) — US-based safety certification, especially important for electrical products sold in North America. UL listing is often required by retailers and insurance companies.

FCC (Federal Communications Commission) — Required for electronic devices that emit radio frequency in the US. Covers everything from WiFi routers to Bluetooth speakers.

Other notable certifications: REACH (EU chemicals), FDA (US food/drug/medical), SA 8000 (social accountability), BSCI (business social compliance).